You will often need to include information from experts in your field in your written work. This may be to explain a point or to support claims you make. There are three ways to include this information in your writing: through paraphrase, summary and quotation.<\/p>\n
Paraphrasing<\/strong><\/p>\n This is where you take an idea \u2013 perhaps a sentence or two from a source such as a journal article \u2013 and include it in your writing. The important thing here is that you change<\/em> the way the idea is expressed. This usually involves changing both the grammar and the vocabulary while keeping the meaning of the original. You must cite a paraphrase to acknowledge that it is not your idea but someone else\u2019s.<\/p>\n Example<\/em>: Imagine you have found the sentence below in a book and you want to use the idea in your writing:<\/p>\n For many, it has taken far too long for the migrant crisis to top the agenda of the international community.<\/em><\/p>\n One way to paraphrase it might be:<\/p>\n World leaders have been slow to prioritise the current crisis in migration, a great number would say.<\/em><\/p>\n This involves changing some of the phrases used (for example, migrant crisis<\/em> becomes crisis in migration<\/em>); changing the order of ideas and changing the grammar (the original and the paraphrase have different grammatical subjects).<\/p>\n Summarising<\/strong><\/p>\n Summarising involves producing a version of a text which is shorter than the original and written in your own words as far as possible. For example, you might decide you need to tell your reader about some of the ideas from a paragraph. To do this you decide which ideas you do not need and leave them out. The ones that remain, you then paraphrase. Again you must cite a summary of someone else\u2019s writing.<\/p>\n Quoting<\/strong><\/p>\n This is reporting what is said in a text exactly as it was written. Short quotations should have and open quotation mark at the beginning [\u2018] and an end quotation mark at the end [\u2019]. If you want to leave out some words, for example if they are not needed to make the point you want to make with the quotation, You must provide a citation with the quotation.<\/p>\n How do you decide which to use?<\/strong><\/p>\n We only quote when it is important to use the same words as the original. For example, when giving a writer\u2019s definition of a term we might quote that because often every word is important in a definition. Usually, there is no special reason to quote and so you should paraphrase if the original is short or summarise if the original is long enough to contain irrelevant information<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" You will often need to include information from experts in your field in your written work. This may be to explain a point or to support claims you make. There are three ways to include this information in your writing:...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":399,"featured_media":275,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[42,90,43],"tags":[147,149,148],"class_list":["post-272","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-academic-integrity","category-academic-writing","category-ethical-scholar","tag-paraphrasing","tag-quoting","tag-summarising"],"acf":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/03\/library-1147815_1920.jpg","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":809,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/2022\/05\/09\/top-tips-for-citing-and-referencing\/","url_meta":{"origin":272,"position":0},"title":"Top tips for citing and referencing","author":"Erifyli Vologianni","date":"May 9, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"My name is Erifyli and I'm a final year International Management student. Here are my tips on how to cite and reference sources in your written work, so you follow the University\u2019s academic integrity rules and avoid plagiarism. Recently, I had the opportunity to attend a skills enrichment session on\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Academic integrity"","block_context":{"text":"Academic integrity","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/category\/academic-integrity\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Pile of text books with coloured sticky labels attached to some pages.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2022\/05\/referencing.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2022\/05\/referencing.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2022\/05\/referencing.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2022\/05\/referencing.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2022\/05\/referencing.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1108,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/2023\/10\/04\/meet-the-skills-enrichment-team\/","url_meta":{"origin":272,"position":1},"title":"Meet the skills enrichment team","author":"Kerry Vevers","date":"October 4, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"As the Skills Centre\u2019s programme of academic and employability skills workshops gets underway, we introduce our friendly team of teachers, dedicated to sharing their expertise to help enrich your academic journey at Bath, and share some of their academic skills top tips. \u00a0 Justin\u00a0 I\u2019ve been teaching academic skills at\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Academic skills"","block_context":{"text":"Academic skills","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/category\/academic-skills\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Students sitting in a lecture theatre at the University of Bath, listening to a lecture.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2023\/10\/skills_enrichment_800x450.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2023\/10\/skills_enrichment_800x450.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2023\/10\/skills_enrichment_800x450.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2023\/10\/skills_enrichment_800x450.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":283,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/2020\/03\/26\/what-does-your-feedback-mean-3\/","url_meta":{"origin":272,"position":2},"title":"What does your feedback mean?","author":"Kevin Renfrew","date":"March 26, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Very often at this time of year students receive feedback on what they have written, and can be puzzled by what some of the comments mean. Here are some of the most common feedback phrases, and what they mean. \u201cMore analysis needed\u201d This is very common, and suggests that you\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Academic skills"","block_context":{"text":"Academic skills","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/category\/academic-skills\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/board-3700116_1920.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":287,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/2020\/10\/28\/writing-a-literature-review\/","url_meta":{"origin":272,"position":3},"title":"Writing a literature review","author":"Tom Reid","date":"October 28, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"By Dr Justin Alam, Teaching Fellow, Skills Centre The aim of a literature review Usually, a literature review follows an introduction. In an introduction you explain the question or issue that you are dealing with. Then, in the literature review, you explain what we know about the answer to this\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Academic writing"","block_context":{"text":"Academic writing","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/category\/academic-skills\/academic-writing\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2019\/04\/writing-427527_1920.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1614,"url":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/2025\/06\/02\/organising-your-literature-review\/","url_meta":{"origin":272,"position":4},"title":"Organising your literature review","author":"Justin Alam","date":"June 2, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"If you\u2019ve been asked to write a literature review, either as a stand-alone text (or what\u2019s more likely) as part of a larger piece of writing such as a dissertation, you may be wondering what you are meant to do. 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Why\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Academic skills"","block_context":{"text":"Academic skills","link":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/category\/academic-skills\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Scattered hazard warning signs showing question and exclamation marks.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2021\/09\/punctuation_blog.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2021\/09\/punctuation_blog.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2021\/09\/punctuation_blog.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2021\/09\/punctuation_blog.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/84\/2021\/09\/punctuation_blog.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/399"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=272"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/272\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/275"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.bath.ac.uk\/academic-and-employability-skills\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}