Jane Millar is Professor of Social Policy in the Institute for Policy Research (IPR) at the University of Bath. Fran Bennett is a Senior Research and Teaching Fellow in the Department of Social Policy and Intervention at the University of Oxford.
Barely a day goes by when Universal Credit is not in the news. Ex-prime ministers write critical comments. Parliamentary committees publish reports about its impact. Social media carries accounts by those affected (for example, ‘Universal Credit Sufferer’ Alan Tiffin).
But many commentators focus on delivery, including IT problems, payment delays, administrative errors and the staggered rollout. Others emphasise the cuts imposed since Universal Credit was originally devised, meaning it is now less generous than the old system. As the Resolution Foundation notes, the 2018 Budget provides some welcome changes, but the freeze on benefits for working-age people remains in place.
These are of course crucial issues. However, as we set out in our article in Social Policy and Society, the almost unanimous agreement with the twin principles of simplification and work incentives underlying Universal Credit tends to leave unexamined questions about its fundamental design. These are what we investigate in our article.
We argue that the design of Universal Credit is based on a number of problematic assumptions about life on a low income, in or out of work. Universal Credit is designed to be ‘like work’ – paid monthly, in a single payment – which was intended to help people prepare for employment. But this is far from the case for many people. Indeed, Frank Field MP has described ministers as ‘wandering in a wonderland’ in which they believe wages are paid monthly and do not vary, and that this is the only payment received each month by most people in work.
The reality for those on a low income may be very different from this middle-class mirage. They may be paid four-weekly, fortnightly or weekly; they may have a partner who is earning too; and they may also get in-work benefits and tax credits, which together act to ‘bridge’ life on a low income, as Mary Daly and Grace Kelly have shown. Some people may also have their housing benefit paid to their landlord. Universal Credit removes many of these signals and aids to managing the household budget, and provides instead one monthly payment, paid into one account. This payment may also vary in a way that claimants find hard to predict or comprehend.
The way assessment for Universal Credit works is one potential source of this uncertainty. Universal Credit is not just paid monthly – it is assessed once a month as well. When people report a change in circumstances – other than wages or benefits going up or down – this is treated as though it was the case for the whole of the previous month, rather than operating on a pro rata basis. This ‘whole month approach’ could be positive – for example, if you have a baby the day before your assessment day. But if, instead, your teenager moves out, then the fact that you have fed them for the past month is ignored. So the relationship between your needs and what you get may be more arbitrary, with claimants bearing any consequent under- or over-payments themselves, as the Child Poverty Action Group pointed out recently in their ‘rough justice’ report.
The other loss of security for claimants is the immediacy of the ‘poverty trap’. Previous in-work benefits and tax credits have often allowed a run-on of benefit when earnings increased. Now, with ‘real time information’, Universal Credit is reduced by 63 pence for each net additional pound of pay at month’s end. It is not yet clear that this will provide an incentive. Indeed, the government may live to regret wanting claimants to be able to see the impact of extra earnings on their Universal Credit.
It is clear that there are gaps between the design of Universal Credit and the lives of those who will come within its remit. Perhaps this is the deliberate ‘ignorance’ that Tom Slater argues has underpinned recent welfare reform. Or perhaps it is ‘institutional indifference’, as Baroness Lister has recently argued. It is probably a bit of both. But we also argue that this mismatch between the structure of Universal Credit and the everyday lives of those on low incomes is purposeful. It reflects the government’s desire to change the values and behaviour of claimants: to ‘transform’ their lives. The ultimate goal is for people to move towards ‘independence’ from the state.
This aim may be to make people more independent. But – and paradoxically – control over claimants’ lives is significantly increased. This is reflected particularly in the work conditions attached to Universal Credit. Work conditions are part of the existing system, but have been increased in three ways: they have spread to more groups (in particular partners in couples with children); extended to those in work; and applied to the whole of the payment.
So, as we argued, ‘Universal Credit seems designed to suit the people that ministers believe claimants should become, rather than starting from where they are now’. Rather than building on the priorities and coping mechanisms developed by those on low incomes, the government wants to move them towards what is seen as a majority, and desirable, way of life. But to achieve this, ironically, claimants are under more scrutiny than ever: in a context in which they have little real control over the major factors influencing their lives.
Design and implementation are not separate issues but are closely entwined. There are many ideas around for specific reforms of Universal Credit. But we also need to pay attention to its underlying aims and assumptions and subject these to debate and challenge. Our current research is exploring some of these issues, especially for couples in the context of joint claims.
This post was originally published by The Social Policy Blog, 29 November 2018.
Responses
Well, what can I say. Worse thing i did claiming that. I am 64 (longing to be free)have a part time job local. Physically demanding and it's hard for me some night to recover. Because it's hospitality sector,works been slow and hours reduced. So they hauling me in so I can look for more work. I am happy working locally and the job centre is 30 mile round trip. Also have social anxanxiety and loath big polluted places. Our hours will pick up. Now I would love to go away for Mr a few months on a low impact sustainable course. Not in u.k. But my rent is tied into earnings. I wish that I had left as it was with help with housing benefit and a few hours work.
Try to make a claim on universal credit what a night mare
The Clue is in the System's Name : Universal "Credit". It is no longer considered a Benefit. But a Loan. 63p deduction in every £1:00 is equivalent to the highest tax bracket. There is now In work conditionality, with sanctions (monetary penalties) imposed for not aquiring more hours employment, once in work. Thereby, by the very nature of the systems internal structure, denying any impotus to gain work in the very first place, for fear of being penalised. It is being paid monthly to save the Government money. Where rent and housing costs are based on a 52 week year. It was revealed and admitted last week in a DWP comittee meeting, that there was after all, no reason at all, to attach a 5 week waiting period at the beginning of it's very implementation. The only thing that made work pay for the majority of people on the old system was Child Tax Credit and Working Tax Credit (which is why they were introduced) and now abolished on the new system. It was precured a wholy digital system delibrately. No direct payments to Landlords, messes up the local Council's Systems. They have given a huge Contract to the CAB to help explain the System, written into the CAB contract, that they must not malign the system. I am writing this in July 2020 when the Covid:19 Pandemic Government Furlough Scheme is due to finish in 3 months. Where 2 million people signed onto Universal Credit in the first 3 months of the Pandemic. (March - June 2020). There have been huge job losses, with many thousands more due to go at the end Furlough. The whole System is down to Conditionality (Work Conditionality) etc in exchange for your Benefit/Loan. Or there is a Penal Sanction System in place. What are they going to do when there are no jobs to go to by December 2020 and the Penal Sanction System is still in place. The whole System...will ultimately, implode on itself. That is when the only option on the table left ...will be a non-conditional Universal Basic 'Wage' ...not "Credit".